Import Modules¶

In [68]:

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
% matplotlib inline

Set Visualization Styles¶

In [69]:

sns.set_style("darkgrid")
sns.set_context("talk")

Example: College Graduation Rates¶

I generate fictional data for the count of students who graduated college in years after having the same start date.

I assign the variable count_students_at_class_start as the total number of students who started college at the same time, yet not all these students graduated.

In [70]:

count_students_at_class_start = 6080

graduation_data = {'years_after_starting_college': [2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7], 
                   'count_students_graduated': [5, 50, 150, 3380, 760, 340, 115, 80, 40, 10]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data=graduation_data)

Preview the data in df.

In [71]:

df.head()

Out[71]:

	years_after_starting_college	count_students_graduated
0	2.5	5
1	3.0	50
2	3.5	150
3	4.0	3380
4	4.5	760

Initially, we can plot this data as a bar graph for the count of students who graduated in each half-year interval.

In [72]:

df.plot(kind='bar', x='years_after_starting_college', y='count_students_graduated', 
        figsize=(10, 8), legend=False, color='powderblue', rot=0);
plt.title("Count of Students Who Graduated in $X$ Years", y=1.01, fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel("count of students graduated", labelpad=15)
plt.xlabel("years after starting college", labelpad=15);

I find this visualization a bit confusing. With each bar, it's tough to understand the significance. So almost 3,000 students graduated in 4 years...is that good? How many students started 4 years ago? What percent of students is this from that start class?

I can answer these questions with a cumulative frequency graph. I must cumulatively add up the count of students that graduated - a term often called a running total.

In pandas, there's a cumsum() method that returns a cumulative sum over a column. I'll apply that to the count_students_graduated column.

In [73]:

df['count_students_graduated_running_total'] = df['count_students_graduated'].cumsum()

View our new count_students_graduated_running_total column.

In [74]:

df

Out[74]:

	years_after_starting_college	count_students_graduated	count_students_graduated_running_total
0	2.5	5	5
1	3.0	50	55
2	3.5	150	205
3	4.0	3380	3585
4	4.5	760	4345
5	5.0	340	4685
6	5.5	115	4800
7	6.0	80	4880
8	6.5	40	4920
9	7.0	10	4930

I'd like to plot this new column as a line graph over time. This is a cumulative graph.

In [75]:

df.plot(x='years_after_starting_college', y='count_students_graduated_running_total', kind='line', 
        figsize=(10, 8), legend=False, style='yo-', label="count students graduated running total")
plt.axhline(y=count_students_at_class_start, color='green', linestyle='--', label='count students at initial start')
plt.title("Running Total of Students Who Graduated in $X$ Years\nFrom Same Start Class", y=1.01, fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel("running total of students graduated", labelpad=15)
plt.xlabel("years after starting college", labelpad=15)
plt.legend();

Another helpful visualization would be a cumulative percentage graph. To get this, for each value in the count_students_graduated_running_total colum, I need to figure out what percentage that value is of count_students_at_class_start. I can perform this calculation in pandas.

In [76]:

df['percent_students_graduated_of_total'] = df['count_students_graduated_running_total']/count_students_at_class_start*100

The visualization below shows the percent_students_graduated_of_total over the years. It's clear that 4 years in, almost 60% of students have graduated.

In [77]:

df.plot(x='years_after_starting_college', y='percent_students_graduated_of_total', kind='line', 
        figsize=(10, 8), legend=False, style='mo-')
plt.title("Percent of Students Graduated from Starting Class", y=1.01, fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel("percent of students graduated", labelpad=15)
plt.xlabel("years after starting college", labelpad=15);